What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts socially, and processes information. ASD is called a “spectrum” because it affects individuals differently and to varying degrees — no two people with autism are the same.

Learn about the characteristics, signs, assessment process, and supports available for children and families affected by autism.

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What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that influences how a person communicates, interacts socially, and responds to sensory input. Children and adults on the autism spectrum may experience differences in social communication, demonstrate repetitive behaviors, and have unique strengths and challenges in how they learn and engage with the world.

ASD emerges early in childhood and continues throughout life, though with the right understanding and support, individuals can build meaningful skills that support independence and participation in daily activities.

Core Characteristics of Autism

Autism manifests in a variety of ways, but common characteristics include:

Social Communication & Interaction

Difficulty with back-and-forth conversations
Challenges making eye contact or interpreting social cues
Variations in facial expressions, gestures, or shared attention

Repetitive Behaviors & Restricted Interests

Repeating movements or speech patterns
Strong preference for routines and predictability
Intense focus on specific topics or objects

Sensory Processing Differences

Heightened or reduced sensitivity to sounds, lights, textures, or tastes
Strong reactions to sensory stimuli that others may overlook

Early Signs & Developmental Differences

Autism signs often emerge in early childhood, sometimes before age 2, and may involve differences in communication and social engagement. Examples parents and caregivers may observe include:

Limited use of gestures like pointing or waving
Delayed speech or language milestones
Difficulty playing “pretend” or engaging with peers
Rigid routines or distress with changes to schedule
Repetitive movements such as hand flapping or spinning

⚠ Not all differences indicate autism — if you notice unusual patterns or delays, consider talking to a pediatrician or specialist.

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How Autism Is Diagnosed

An autism diagnosis is typically made through a comprehensive developmental evaluation by qualified professionals such as developmental pediatricians, psychologists, or multidisciplinary teams.
Diagnosis often involves:

✔ Standardized screening tools
✔ Observation of behavior across contexts
✔ Caregiver interviews about developmental history
✔ Developmental and communication assessments NICHD

Useful note for parents: Early diagnosis is not about labeling; it’s about understanding strengths and needs so that support can begin as soon as possible.

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What Causes Autism?

There is currently no single known cause of autism. Scientific evidence suggests that autism likely arises from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that influence early brain development.
ASD occurs in all races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic groups. There is no link between vaccinations and autism — this has been repeatedly debunked by extensive research.

Why Early Understanding Matters

Recognizing early signs and seeking evaluation can make a significant difference. Brain development in early childhood is highly “plastic,” meaning that supportive interventions during these years often produce the greatest impact on learning and skill growth. Early intervention services — such as speech therapy, behavioral therapy, and occupational support — help expand communication, adaptive skills, and social engagement.

Support & Next Steps

Understanding autism is the first step — the next is connecting with support tailored to your child’s needs. Effective support may include:

Therapy Services

Behavioral interventions
Speech & communication support
Occupational therapy

Family Guidance

Parent coaching
Everyday strategies for skill generalization

Evaluation & Planning

Comprehensive testing
Individualized planning for school and life

Every child’s journey is unique; working with professionals experienced in ASD can help craft a plan that aligns with your family’s goals.

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